It was regarded as a significant step forward in consolidating the free world's position in southeast Europe, although it contained no specific military commitments.
The unanimously ratified Balkan pact became a reality on 18 May and lasted until These conflicts spread rapidly, ending with World War II. Turkish Prime-Minister Ismet Inonu was very conscious of foreign policy issues.
The risks of this policy change put the two men at odds. Hatay was based on the old administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire called the Sanjak of Alexandretta. On behalf of the League of Nations, the representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey prepared a constitution for Hatay, which established it as an autonomous sanjak within Syria. Despite some inter-ethnic violence, in the midst of an election was conducted by the local legislative assembly.
Mustafa Kemal instigated economic policies to develop small and large scale businesses, but also to create social strata industrial bourgeoisie along with the peasantry of Anatolia that were virtually non-existent during the Ottoman Empire.
The primary problem faced by the politics of his period was the lag in the development of political institutions and social classes which would steer such social and economic changes.
The initial choices of Mustafa Kemal's economic policies reflected the realities of his period. After World War I, due to the lack of any real potential investors to open private sector factories and develop industrial production, Kemal established many state-owned factories for agriculture, machinery, and textile industries. Constantinople, a trading port with international foreign enterprises, was abandoned and resources were channelled to other, less developed cities, in order to establish a more balanced development throughout the country.
For Mustafa Kemal, as for his supporters, tobacco remained wedded to his policy in the pursuit of economic independence. Turkish tobacco was an important industrial crop, while its cultivation and manufacture were French monopolies under capitulations of the Ottoman Empire. The tobacco and cigarette trade was controlled by two French companies: the " Regie Company " and " Narquileh tobacco.
Regie, as part of the Council of the Public Debt, had control over production, storing, and distribution including export with an unchallenged price control. Consequently, Turkish farmers were dependent on the company for their livelihood.
The control of tobacco was the biggest achievement of the Kemalist political machinery's "nationalization" of the economy for a country that did not produce oil. They accompanied this achievement with the development of the cotton industry, which peaked during the early s.
Cotton was the second biggest industrial crop in Turkey. The bank's creation was a response to the growing need for a truly national establishment and the birth of a banking system which was capable of backing up economic activities, managing funds accumulated as a result of policies providing savings incentives and, where necessary, extending resources which could trigger industrial impetus.
In , Turkish State Railways was established. Because Mustafa Kemal considered the development of a national rail network as another important step in industrialization, it was given high priority. This institution developed an extensive railway network in a very short time. In , Kemal also ordered the integration of road construction goals into development plans.
The road network consisted of 13, km of ruined surface roads, 4. In , a new entity was established under the government called "Sose ve Kopruler Reisligi" which would drive development of new roads after World War II.
However, in , the 22, km of roads in Turkey augmented the railways. The national group [ Clarification needed ] , which had Kemal as the leader, developed many projects within the first decade of the republic. However, the Turkish economy was based on agriculture, with primitive tools and methods; roads and transportation facilities were far from sufficient and management of the economy was inefficient.
The Great Depression brought many changes to this picture. The young republic, like the rest of the world, found itself in a deep economic crisis during the Great Depression. Mustafa Kemal reacted to conditions of this period by moving toward integrated economic polices, and establishing a central bank to control exchange rates.
However, Turkey could not finance essential imports; its currency was shunned and zealous revenue officials seized the meagre possessions of peasants who could not pay their taxes.
In , Mustafa Kemal signed a treaty that resulted in the restructuring of the nation's debt with the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. He did not fault the Ottoman debt. He had to deal with the turbulent economic issues of the Great Depression along with the payment of the high debt known as the Ottoman public debt. Until the early s, Turkish private business could not acquire exchange credits.
It was impossible to integrate the Turkish economy without a solution to this problem. This increased the credibility of the new Republic. The bank's primary purpose was to have control over the exchange rate, and Ottoman Bank 's role during its initial years as a central bank was phased out.
From the political economy perspective, Mustafa Kemal had to face the same problems which all countries faced: political upheaval.
The establishment of a new party with a different economic perspective was needed; he asked Ali Fethi Okyar to fulfil. The Liberal Republican Party August came out with a liberal program and proposed that state monopolies should be ended, foreign capital should be attracted, and that state investment should be curtailed. The first — and second five-year economic plans were performed under the supervision of Mustafa Kemal.
The first five-year economic plan promoted consumer substitution industries. However, these economic plans changed drastically with the death of Kemal and the rise of World War II. Subsequent governments took measures that harmed the economic productivity of Turkey in various ways.
He realized the important role of aviation. In his words, "the future lies in the skies". Instead of the traditional raffle prizes, this new lottery paid money prizes. The major part of its income was used to establish a new factory fund aviation projects. Mustafa Kemal did not see the flight of the first Turkish military aircraft built at the factory. In , liberal economist Celal Bayar became the Minister of Economy at Mustafa Kemal's request and served until Textile, sugar, paper and steel factories financed by a loan from Britain were the private sectors of the period.
Besides these government owned power plants, banks, and insurance companies were established. In , the first Turkish cotton print factory "Nazilli Calico print factory" opened. Cotton planting was promoted to furnish raw material for future factory settlements, part of the industrialization process. Integrated economic policies reached their peak with the signing of the Treaty with Britain and France. On 25 January , Prime Minister Bayar resigned.
Mustafa Kemal supported the establishment of the automobile industry. He wanted it to become a center in the region. The motto of the Turkish automobile association was: "The Turkish driver is a man of the most exquisite sensitivities. These signs of sound economic policies were marked by the first-ever emergence of local banks. Latife fell in love with Mustafa Kemal; again we do not know the extent to which this was reciprocated, but he was certainly impressed by Latife's intellect: she was a graduate of the Sorbonne and was studying English in London when the war broke out.
On 29 January they were married. According to official accounts, she shot herself with a pistol Mustafa Kemal had given her as a present; however, there were rumours that she was murdered. In early , while he was on a trip to Yalova, he suffered from a serious illness. He went to İstanbul for treatment, where he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver. During his stay in İstanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle for a while.
The remainder of this yearly interest was willed to the Turkish Language Association and the Turkish Historical Society. His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey; his portrait can be seen in all public buildings, in all schools and classrooms, on all school books, on all Turkish lira banknotes, and in the homes of many Turkish families.
A government website was created to denounce the websites that violate this law. In , YouTube, Geocities and several blogger webpages were blocked by a Turkish court due to the violation of this law. In the last week of October , a German company, following a request from the Turkish Internet Board, exploited YouTube automatic copyright-enforcement mechanism to take down the videos.
On 30 October, shortly after the removal, a court lifted the ban. But a few days later, Google concluded that the videos did not infringe copyright and restored them on YouTube.
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Graphical timeline. Detailed chronology. Main article: Italo-Turkish War. See also: Battle of Tobruk Main article: Balkan Wars.
Main article: World War I. Main article: Turkish War of Independence. See also: Treaty of Lausanne. Play media. Retrieved Cemil Bozok also notes that his paternal grandfather, Safer Efendi, was of Albanian origin. This suggests that some at least of their ancestors had originally come from Turkey, since local Muslims of Albanian and Slav origin who had no ethnic connection with Turkey spoke Albanian, Serbo-Croat or Bulgarian, at least so long as they remained in their native land.
Turkish Embassy website. Archived from the original on 27 September Retrieved 7 August Minister of War, Shefqet Mahmut Pasha, was personally involved in its printing.
For this purpose decided to call his war headquarters Qemali Mustafa who was known as one of the generals prepared and laid him drafting the plan of operations. Mustafa at this time was in the Fifth Army Headquarters in Salonica. Kamal had assisted in the military operation in Albania in ".
Retrieved 29 October Page: Information about the Armenian Genocide. Armenian National Institute. Retrieved 21 May The Lions of Marash , p. Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey 1st Quill ed.
ISBN Consequences of Denial: The Armenian Genocide. Karnac Books. Moscow, , p. Retrieved 1 January Ataturk: An Intellectual Biography. Princeton University Press. The National Interest. Retrieved 24 April Ministry Of Culture And Tourism. Retrieved 4 June Retrieved 20 November Archived from the original on 17 November Retrieved 1 February Representation of the European Commission to Turkey. Archived from the original on 18 April Retrieved 11 February The first publication of Kemal's letter to Lenin in excerpts, in Russian.
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Oxford University Press. II, Istanbul , p. BİA Haber Merkezi. Retrieved 10 October Retrieved 26 November National Interest, Fall, Issue Beck, , ISBN , p. Retrieved 12 November The Independent. Ministry of Culture and Tourism Turkey Turkish. Adams Media. Retrieved 5 June Prints Ahmad, Feroz The Making of Modern Turkey.
London; New York: Routledge. Armstrong, Harold Courtenay Woodside, NY: Woodside House. Barber, Noel London: Arrow. Barlas, Dilek New York: Brill Academic Publishers. Cleveland, William L A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Ankara: Middle East Technical University. OCLC Hanioglu, M. Suekrue An Intellectual Biography. Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, Conn. Medeni bilgiler ve M.
Kinross, Patrick London: Phoenix Press. New York: Morrow. Landau, Jacob M Lengyel, Emil Mango, Andrew []. ISBN X. Mango, Andrew London: John Murray. He established a single party regime that lasted almost without interruption until He launched a programme of revolutionary social and political reform to modernise Turkey.
These reforms included the emancipation of women, the abolition of all Islamic institutions and the introduction of Western legal codes, dress, calendar and alphabet, replacing the Arabic script with a Latin one. Abroad he pursued a policy of neutrality, establishing friendly relations with Turkey's neighbours. He died on 10 November Search term:. Read more. Imtiyaz Medal. Iron Cross. Military Merit Cross. Bronze Military Merit Medal. Silver Military Merit Medal. Order of the Crown.
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